Silicon(Si)
Silicon (Si) is a metalloid in period 3 of the periodic table. Its properties reflect its electron configuration and position among neighbouring elements.
KEY PROPERTIES
Electron configuration & shells
[Ne] 3s² 3p²
Shell model is schematic — see lesson on atomic structure for orbitals. Oxidation states: -4, +2, +4. Common ions: Si⁴⁺.
Measured properties
Values at stated conditions; missing data shown as “—”. Radii distinguished by type; densities at stated phase/temperature.
- Electronegativity (Pauling)
- 1.9
- First ionization energy
- 787 kJ·mol⁻¹ (first ionization, gas phase)
- Atomic radius
- 111 pm (calculated)
- Covalent radius
- 111 pm (covalent)
- Van der Waals radius
- 210 pm (van der Waals)
- Density
- 2.3296 g·cm⁻³ (solid at 20 °C, 1 atm)
- Melting point
- 1687 K (1 atm)
- Boiling point
- 3538 K (1 atm)
Standard conditions: 1 atm unless noted. Values with null are not established or not comparable across allotropes. Radii are distinguished by type. Densities at stated phase/temperature.
| Mass number | Abundance | Stability | Half-life |
|---|---|---|---|
| 28 | trace/synthetic | stable | — |
Isotopic abundances are natural terrestrial values where applicable; synthetic isotopes shown as trace.
Occurrence & uses
Occurs naturally; abundance and extraction depend on geochemistry. For heavy synthetics (Z > 92), no natural occurrence.
- Industrial use
- Laboratory reagent
- Research
Discovery
Unknown — —
Safety
RELATED CONTENT
SOURCES
- [nist-atomic-weights]nist-atomic-weights (2022)/#nist-atomic-weights
- [nist-2022]nist-2022 (2022)/#nist-2022
- [iupac-gold]iupac-gold (2022)/#iupac-gold
Last reviewed: 2026-08-22 • Reviewer: dr-example