Liquids, Solids, and Phase Changes

Intermolecular forces, heating curves, phase diagrams, vapor pressure, and structures of solids.

Intended level

Intermediate — after Gases and Bonding.

Prerequisites

• molecular-geometry-forces
• gases-gas-laws

Ordered lessons

1. heating curves phase diagrams
2. vapor pressure solids
3. solutes solvents solutions solubility electrolytes

Related formulas and calculators

• $clausius-clapeyron$ — see Formula: clausius-clapeyron
• $heat-phase-change$ — see Formula: heat-phase-change
• phase-diagram
• heating-curve

Only links to real, published tools are shown. Placeholders are not linked.

Common misconceptions

• Boiling always occurs at 100 °C.
• Phase changes are chemical reactions.
• Vapor pressure depends on volume.

Related resources

• Constants — sourced physical constants with version stamps.
• Laboratory Safety — PPE, hazards, RAMP.
• Glossary — definitions for key terms in this topic.
• Sources and Data — how sources are versioned and cited.

Curriculum mappings

This topic maps to external frameworks stored in src/content/curriculum/. Never implies official affiliation.

• AP Chemistry 1.1 / IB Chemistry 2.1 (see /curriculum/ap-chem-1-1 and file src/content/curriculum/ap-chem-1-1.md).
• Framework version and source URL recorded per mapping; review date 2026-08-21.

Review and source metadata

• Author: Chemistry Fundamentals Editorial Team (chem-team)
• Reviewer: Dr. Example Reviewer (chemistry reviewer — transparent placeholder, see /editorial-policy)
• Last reviewed: 2026-08-21
• Review due: 2027-08-21
• Sources: NIST Reference Placeholder (nist-2022, 2022-CODATA). Placeholder reference — replace with actual sourced reference per lesson.

Printable summary

Summary card (PDF) — coming soon — print styles preserve equations and tables.

Correction? See Corrections Policy and Contact.