Mole Concept and Stoichiometry

The mole, Avogadro constant, molar mass, conversions, mole ratios, limiting reactants, yields, and formula determination.

Intended level

Intermediate — requires Reactions & Equations and Nomenclature.

Prerequisites

• chemical-reactions-equations
• chemical-names-formulas

Ordered lessons

1. mole avogadro
2. molar mass
3. grams moles particles
4. mole ratios stoichiometry
5. limiting excess reactants
6. theoretical actual percent yield
7. empirical molecular formulas
8. percent composition

Related formulas and calculators

• $moles-mass$ — see Formula: moles-mass
• $percent-yield$ — see Formula: percent-yield
• $empirical-formula$ — see Formula: empirical-formula
• $molarity$ — see Formula: molarity
• $molality$ — see Formula: molality
• molar-mass
• stoichiometry
• limiting-reactant
• percent-yield

Only links to real, published tools are shown. Placeholders are not linked.

Common misconceptions

• Moles are mass.
• Limiting reactant is the smallest mass.
• Percent yield can exceed 100% without error.

Related resources

• Constants — sourced physical constants with version stamps.
• Laboratory Safety — PPE, hazards, RAMP.
• Glossary — definitions for key terms in this topic.
• Sources and Data — how sources are versioned and cited.

Curriculum mappings

This topic maps to external frameworks stored in src/content/curriculum/. Never implies official affiliation.

• AP Chemistry 1.1 / IB Chemistry 2.1 (see /curriculum/ap-chem-1-1 and file src/content/curriculum/ap-chem-1-1.md).
• Framework version and source URL recorded per mapping; review date 2026-08-21.

Review and source metadata

• Author: Chemistry Fundamentals Editorial Team (chem-team)
• Reviewer: Dr. Example Reviewer (chemistry reviewer — transparent placeholder, see /editorial-policy)
• Last reviewed: 2026-08-21
• Review due: 2027-08-21
• Sources: NIST Reference Placeholder (nist-2022, 2022-CODATA). Placeholder reference — replace with actual sourced reference per lesson.

Printable summary

Summary card (PDF) — coming soon — print styles preserve equations and tables.

Correction? See Corrections Policy and Contact.