Solutions and Concentration

Solutes, solvents, solubility, electrolytes, molarity, molality, percentage, ppm/ppb, preparation, and dilution.

Intended level

Intermediate — after Stoichiometry and Phases.

Prerequisites

• mole-stoichiometry
• liquids-solids-phase-changes

Ordered lessons

1. solutes solvents solutions solubility electrolytes
2. molarity
3. molality
4. percentage concentration ppm ppb
5. preparation dilution

Related formulas and calculators

• $molarity$ — see Formula: molarity
• $molality$ — see Formula: molality
• $dilution$ — see Formula: dilution
• $ppm-ppb$ — see Formula: ppm-ppb
• $percent-concentration$ — see Formula: percent-concentration
• molarity-calc
• dilution-calc
• concentration-converter

Only links to real, published tools are shown. Placeholders are not linked.

Common misconceptions

• Diluting changes moles of solute.
• Molality and molarity are interchangeable.
• Electrolytes are always ionic solids.

Related resources

• Constants — sourced physical constants with version stamps.
• Laboratory Safety — PPE, hazards, RAMP.
• Glossary — definitions for key terms in this topic.
• Sources and Data — how sources are versioned and cited.

Curriculum mappings

This topic maps to external frameworks stored in src/content/curriculum/. Never implies official affiliation.

• AP Chemistry 1.1 / IB Chemistry 2.1 (see /curriculum/ap-chem-1-1 and file src/content/curriculum/ap-chem-1-1.md).
• Framework version and source URL recorded per mapping; review date 2026-08-21.

Review and source metadata

• Author: Chemistry Fundamentals Editorial Team (chem-team)
• Reviewer: Dr. Example Reviewer (chemistry reviewer — transparent placeholder, see /editorial-policy)
• Last reviewed: 2026-08-21
• Review due: 2027-08-21
• Sources: NIST Reference Placeholder (nist-2022, 2022-CODATA). Placeholder reference — replace with actual sourced reference per lesson.

Printable summary

Summary card (PDF) — coming soon — print styles preserve equations and tables.

Correction? See Corrections Policy and Contact.